Search Results (24445 CVEs found)

CVE Vendors Products Updated CVSS v3.1
CVE-2025-13524 4 Amazon, Apple, Linux and 1 more 4 Aws Wickr, Macos, Linux and 1 more 2026-04-15 5.7 Medium
Improper resource release in the call termination process in AWS Wickr before version 6.62.13 on Windows, macOS and Linux may allow a call participant to continue receiving audio input from another user after they close their call window. This issue occurs under certain conditions, which require the affected user to take a particular action within the application To mitigate this issue, users should upgrade AWS Wickr, Wickr Gov and Wickr Enterprise desktop version to version 6.62.13.
CVE-2023-54033 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf: fix a memory leak in the LRU and LRU_PERCPU hash maps The LRU and LRU_PERCPU maps allocate a new element on update before locking the target hash table bucket. Right after that the maps try to lock the bucket. If this fails, then maps return -EBUSY to the caller without releasing the allocated element. This makes the element untracked: it doesn't belong to either of free lists, and it doesn't belong to the hash table, so can't be re-used; this eventually leads to the permanent -ENOMEM on LRU map updates, which is unexpected. Fix this by returning the element to the local free list if bucket locking fails.
CVE-2025-40110 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/vmwgfx: Fix a null-ptr access in the cursor snooper Check that the resource which is converted to a surface exists before trying to use the cursor snooper on it. vmw_cmd_res_check allows explicit invalid (SVGA3D_INVALID_ID) identifiers because some svga commands accept SVGA3D_INVALID_ID to mean "no surface", unfortunately functions that accept the actual surfaces as objects might (and in case of the cursor snooper, do not) be able to handle null objects. Make sure that we validate not only the identifier (via the vmw_cmd_res_check) but also check that the actual resource exists before trying to do something with it. Fixes unchecked null-ptr reference in the snooping code.
CVE-2023-54052 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: mt76: mt7921: fix skb leak by txs missing in AMSDU txs may be dropped if the frame is aggregated in AMSDU. When the problem shows up, some SKBs would be hold in driver to cause network stopped temporarily. Even if the problem can be recovered by txs timeout handling, mt7921 still need to disable txs in AMSDU to avoid this issue.
CVE-2023-54069 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ext4: fix BUG in ext4_mb_new_inode_pa() due to overflow When we calculate the end position of ext4_free_extent, this position may be exactly where ext4_lblk_t (i.e. uint) overflows. For example, if ac_g_ex.fe_logical is 4294965248 and ac_orig_goal_len is 2048, then the computed end is 0x100000000, which is 0. If ac->ac_o_ex.fe_logical is not the first case of adjusting the best extent, that is, new_bex_end > 0, the following BUG_ON will be triggered: ========================================================= kernel BUG at fs/ext4/mballoc.c:5116! invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP PTI CPU: 3 PID: 673 Comm: xfs_io Tainted: G E 6.5.0-rc1+ #279 RIP: 0010:ext4_mb_new_inode_pa+0xc5/0x430 Call Trace: <TASK> ext4_mb_use_best_found+0x203/0x2f0 ext4_mb_try_best_found+0x163/0x240 ext4_mb_regular_allocator+0x158/0x1550 ext4_mb_new_blocks+0x86a/0xe10 ext4_ext_map_blocks+0xb0c/0x13a0 ext4_map_blocks+0x2cd/0x8f0 ext4_iomap_begin+0x27b/0x400 iomap_iter+0x222/0x3d0 __iomap_dio_rw+0x243/0xcb0 iomap_dio_rw+0x16/0x80 ========================================================= A simple reproducer demonstrating the problem: mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sda -b 4096 100M mount /dev/sda /tmp/test fallocate -l1M /tmp/test/tmp fallocate -l10M /tmp/test/file fallocate -i -o 1M -l16777203M /tmp/test/file fsstress -d /tmp/test -l 0 -n 100000 -p 8 & sleep 10 && killall -9 fsstress rm -f /tmp/test/tmp xfs_io -c "open -ad /tmp/test/file" -c "pwrite -S 0xff 0 8192" We simply refactor the logic for adjusting the best extent by adding a temporary ext4_free_extent ex and use extent_logical_end() to avoid overflow, which also simplifies the code.
CVE-2023-54072 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: pcm: Fix potential data race at PCM memory allocation helpers The PCM memory allocation helpers have a sanity check against too many buffer allocations. However, the check is performed without a proper lock and the allocation isn't serialized; this allows user to allocate more memories than predefined max size. Practically seen, this isn't really a big problem, as it's more or less some "soft limit" as a sanity check, and it's not possible to allocate unlimitedly. But it's still better to address this for more consistent behavior. The patch covers the size check in do_alloc_pages() with the card->memory_mutex, and increases the allocated size there for preventing the further overflow. When the actual allocation fails, the size is decreased accordingly.
CVE-2023-54073 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: tpm: Add !tpm_amd_is_rng_defective() to the hwrng_unregister() call site The following crash was reported: [ 1950.279393] list_del corruption, ffff99560d485790->next is NULL [ 1950.279400] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ 1950.279401] kernel BUG at lib/list_debug.c:49! [ 1950.279405] invalid opcode: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI [ 1950.279407] CPU: 11 PID: 5886 Comm: modprobe Tainted: G O 6.2.8_1 #1 [ 1950.279409] Hardware name: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd. B550M AORUS PRO-P/B550M AORUS PRO-P, BIOS F15c 05/11/2022 [ 1950.279410] RIP: 0010:__list_del_entry_valid+0x59/0xc0 [ 1950.279415] Code: 48 8b 01 48 39 f8 75 5a 48 8b 72 08 48 39 c6 75 65 b8 01 00 00 00 c3 cc cc cc cc 48 89 fe 48 c7 c7 08 a8 13 9e e8 b7 0a bc ff <0f> 0b 48 89 fe 48 c7 c7 38 a8 13 9e e8 a6 0a bc ff 0f 0b 48 89 fe [ 1950.279416] RSP: 0018:ffffa96d05647e08 EFLAGS: 00010246 [ 1950.279418] RAX: 0000000000000033 RBX: ffff99560d485750 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 1950.279419] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffffffff9e107c59 RDI: 00000000ffffffff [ 1950.279420] RBP: ffffffffc19c5168 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: ffffa96d05647cc8 [ 1950.279421] R10: 0000000000000003 R11: ffffffff9ea2a568 R12: 0000000000000000 [ 1950.279422] R13: ffff99560140a2e0 R14: ffff99560127d2e0 R15: 0000000000000000 [ 1950.279422] FS: 00007f67da795380(0000) GS:ffff995d1f0c0000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 1950.279424] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 1950.279424] CR2: 00007f67da7e65c0 CR3: 00000001feed2000 CR4: 0000000000750ee0 [ 1950.279426] PKRU: 55555554 [ 1950.279426] Call Trace: [ 1950.279428] <TASK> [ 1950.279430] hwrng_unregister+0x28/0xe0 [rng_core] [ 1950.279436] tpm_chip_unregister+0xd5/0xf0 [tpm] Add the forgotten !tpm_amd_is_rng_defective() invariant to the hwrng_unregister() call site inside tpm_chip_unregister().
CVE-2023-54084 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: firewire-digi00x: prevent potential use after free This code was supposed to return an error code if init_stream() failed, but it instead freed dg00x->rx_stream and returned success. This potentially leads to a use after free.
CVE-2023-54097 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: regulator: stm32-pwr: fix of_iomap leak Smatch reports: drivers/regulator/stm32-pwr.c:166 stm32_pwr_regulator_probe() warn: 'base' from of_iomap() not released on lines: 151,166. In stm32_pwr_regulator_probe(), base is not released when devm_kzalloc() fails to allocate memory or devm_regulator_register() fails to register a new regulator device, which may cause a leak. To fix this issue, replace of_iomap() with devm_platform_ioremap_resource(). devm_platform_ioremap_resource() is a specialized function for platform devices. It allows 'base' to be automatically released whether the probe function succeeds or fails. Besides, use IS_ERR(base) instead of !base as the return value of devm_platform_ioremap_resource() can either be a pointer to the remapped memory or an ERR_PTR() encoded error code if the operation fails.
CVE-2023-54102 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: lpfc: Prevent lpfc_debugfs_lockstat_write() buffer overflow A static code analysis tool flagged the possibility of buffer overflow when using copy_from_user() for a debugfs entry. Currently, it is possible that copy_from_user() copies more bytes than what would fit in the mybuf char array. Add a min() restriction check between sizeof(mybuf) - 1 and nbytes passed from the userspace buffer to protect against buffer overflow.
CVE-2023-54112 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: kcm: Fix memory leak in error path of kcm_sendmsg() syzbot reported a memory leak like below: BUG: memory leak unreferenced object 0xffff88810b088c00 (size 240): comm "syz-executor186", pid 5012, jiffies 4294943306 (age 13.680s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 00 89 08 0b 81 88 ff ff 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ backtrace: [<ffffffff83e5d5ff>] __alloc_skb+0x1ef/0x230 net/core/skbuff.c:634 [<ffffffff84606e59>] alloc_skb include/linux/skbuff.h:1289 [inline] [<ffffffff84606e59>] kcm_sendmsg+0x269/0x1050 net/kcm/kcmsock.c:815 [<ffffffff83e479c6>] sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:725 [inline] [<ffffffff83e479c6>] sock_sendmsg+0x56/0xb0 net/socket.c:748 [<ffffffff83e47f55>] ____sys_sendmsg+0x365/0x470 net/socket.c:2494 [<ffffffff83e4c389>] ___sys_sendmsg+0xc9/0x130 net/socket.c:2548 [<ffffffff83e4c536>] __sys_sendmsg+0xa6/0x120 net/socket.c:2577 [<ffffffff84ad7bb8>] do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline] [<ffffffff84ad7bb8>] do_syscall_64+0x38/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80 [<ffffffff84c0008b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd In kcm_sendmsg(), kcm_tx_msg(head)->last_skb is used as a cursor to append newly allocated skbs to 'head'. If some bytes are copied, an error occurred, and jumped to out_error label, 'last_skb' is left unmodified. A later kcm_sendmsg() will use an obsoleted 'last_skb' reference, corrupting the 'head' frag_list and causing the leak. This patch fixes this issue by properly updating the last allocated skb in 'last_skb'.
CVE-2023-54119 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: inotify: Avoid reporting event with invalid wd When inotify_freeing_mark() races with inotify_handle_inode_event() it can happen that inotify_handle_inode_event() sees that i_mark->wd got already reset to -1 and reports this value to userspace which can confuse the inotify listener. Avoid the problem by validating that wd is sensible (and pretend the mark got removed before the event got generated otherwise).
CVE-2023-54131 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: wifi: rt2x00: Fix memory leak when handling surveys When removing a rt2x00 device, its associated channel surveys are not freed, causing a memory leak observable with kmemleak: unreferenced object 0xffff9620f0881a00 (size 512): comm "systemd-udevd", pid 2290, jiffies 4294906974 (age 33.768s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 70 44 12 00 00 00 00 00 92 8a 00 00 00 00 00 00 pD.............. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ab 87 01 00 00 00 00 00 ................ backtrace: [<ffffffffb0ed858b>] __kmalloc+0x4b/0x130 [<ffffffffc1b0f29b>] rt2800_probe_hw+0xc2b/0x1380 [rt2800lib] [<ffffffffc1a9496e>] rt2800usb_probe_hw+0xe/0x60 [rt2800usb] [<ffffffffc1ae491a>] rt2x00lib_probe_dev+0x21a/0x7d0 [rt2x00lib] [<ffffffffc1b3b83e>] rt2x00usb_probe+0x1be/0x980 [rt2x00usb] [<ffffffffc05981e2>] usb_probe_interface+0xe2/0x310 [usbcore] [<ffffffffb13be2d5>] really_probe+0x1a5/0x410 [<ffffffffb13be5c8>] __driver_probe_device+0x78/0x180 [<ffffffffb13be6fe>] driver_probe_device+0x1e/0x90 [<ffffffffb13be972>] __driver_attach+0xd2/0x1c0 [<ffffffffb13bbc57>] bus_for_each_dev+0x77/0xd0 [<ffffffffb13bd2a2>] bus_add_driver+0x112/0x210 [<ffffffffb13bfc6c>] driver_register+0x5c/0x120 [<ffffffffc0596ae8>] usb_register_driver+0x88/0x150 [usbcore] [<ffffffffb0c011c4>] do_one_initcall+0x44/0x220 [<ffffffffb0d6134c>] do_init_module+0x4c/0x220 Fix this by freeing the channel surveys on device removal. Tested with a RT3070 based USB wireless adapter.
CVE-2023-54133 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: nfp: clean mc addresses in application firmware when closing port When moving devices from one namespace to another, mc addresses are cleaned in software while not removed from application firmware. Thus the mc addresses are remained and will cause resource leak. Now use `__dev_mc_unsync` to clean mc addresses when closing port.
CVE-2023-54144 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: drm/amdkfd: Fix kernel warning during topology setup This patch fixes the following kernel warning seen during driver load by correctly initializing the p2plink attr before creating the sysfs file: [ +0.002865] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [ +0.002327] kobject: '(null)' (0000000056260cfb): is not initialized, yet kobject_put() is being called. [ +0.004780] WARNING: CPU: 32 PID: 1006 at lib/kobject.c:718 kobject_put+0xaa/0x1c0 [ +0.001361] Call Trace: [ +0.001234] <TASK> [ +0.001067] kfd_remove_sysfs_node_entry+0x24a/0x2d0 [amdgpu] [ +0.003147] kfd_topology_update_sysfs+0x3d/0x750 [amdgpu] [ +0.002890] kfd_topology_add_device+0xbd7/0xc70 [amdgpu] [ +0.002844] ? lock_release+0x13c/0x2e0 [ +0.001936] ? smu_cmn_send_smc_msg_with_param+0x1e8/0x2d0 [amdgpu] [ +0.003313] ? amdgpu_dpm_get_mclk+0x54/0x60 [amdgpu] [ +0.002703] kgd2kfd_device_init.cold+0x39f/0x4ed [amdgpu] [ +0.002930] amdgpu_amdkfd_device_init+0x13d/0x1f0 [amdgpu] [ +0.002944] amdgpu_device_init.cold+0x1464/0x17b4 [amdgpu] [ +0.002970] ? pci_bus_read_config_word+0x43/0x80 [ +0.002380] amdgpu_driver_load_kms+0x15/0x100 [amdgpu] [ +0.002744] amdgpu_pci_probe+0x147/0x370 [amdgpu] [ +0.002522] local_pci_probe+0x40/0x80 [ +0.001896] work_for_cpu_fn+0x10/0x20 [ +0.001892] process_one_work+0x26e/0x5a0 [ +0.002029] worker_thread+0x1fd/0x3e0 [ +0.001890] ? process_one_work+0x5a0/0x5a0 [ +0.002115] kthread+0xea/0x110 [ +0.001618] ? kthread_complete_and_exit+0x20/0x20 [ +0.002422] ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 [ +0.001808] </TASK> [ +0.001103] irq event stamp: 59837 [ +0.001718] hardirqs last enabled at (59849): [<ffffffffb30fab12>] __up_console_sem+0x52/0x60 [ +0.004414] hardirqs last disabled at (59860): [<ffffffffb30faaf7>] __up_console_sem+0x37/0x60 [ +0.004414] softirqs last enabled at (59654): [<ffffffffb307d9c7>] irq_exit_rcu+0xd7/0x130 [ +0.004205] softirqs last disabled at (59649): [<ffffffffb307d9c7>] irq_exit_rcu+0xd7/0x130 [ +0.004203] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
CVE-2023-54154 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 5.5 Medium
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: scsi: target: core: Fix target_cmd_counter leak The target_cmd_counter struct allocated via target_alloc_cmd_counter() is never freed, resulting in leaks across various transport types, e.g.: unreferenced object 0xffff88801f920120 (size 96): comm "sh", pid 102, jiffies 4294892535 (age 713.412s) hex dump (first 32 bytes): 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 38 01 92 1f 80 88 ff ff ........8....... backtrace: [<00000000e58a6252>] kmalloc_trace+0x11/0x20 [<0000000043af4b2f>] target_alloc_cmd_counter+0x17/0x90 [target_core_mod] [<000000007da2dfa7>] target_setup_session+0x2d/0x140 [target_core_mod] [<0000000068feef86>] tcm_loop_tpg_nexus_store+0x19b/0x350 [tcm_loop] [<000000006a80e021>] configfs_write_iter+0xb1/0x120 [<00000000e9f4d860>] vfs_write+0x2e4/0x3c0 [<000000008143433b>] ksys_write+0x80/0xb0 [<00000000a7df29b2>] do_syscall_64+0x42/0x90 [<0000000053f45fb8>] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6e/0xd8 Free the structure alongside the corresponding iscsit_conn / se_sess parent.
CVE-2023-54158 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: btrfs: don't free qgroup space unless specified Boris noticed in his simple quotas testing that he was getting a leak with Sweet Tea's change to subvol create that stopped doing a transaction commit. This was just a side effect of that change. In the delayed inode code we have an optimization that will free extra reservations if we think we can pack a dir item into an already modified leaf. Previously this wouldn't be triggered in the subvolume create case because we'd commit the transaction, it was still possible but much harder to trigger. It could actually be triggered if we did a mkdir && subvol create with qgroups enabled. This occurs because in btrfs_insert_delayed_dir_index(), which gets called when we're adding the dir item, we do the following: btrfs_block_rsv_release(fs_info, trans->block_rsv, bytes, NULL); if we're able to skip reserving space. The problem here is that trans->block_rsv points at the temporary block rsv for the subvolume create, which has qgroup reservations in the block rsv. This is a problem because btrfs_block_rsv_release() will do the following: if (block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_reserved >= block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_size) { qgroup_to_release = block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_reserved - block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_size; block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_reserved = block_rsv->qgroup_rsv_size; } The temporary block rsv just has ->qgroup_rsv_reserved set, ->qgroup_rsv_size == 0. The optimization in btrfs_insert_delayed_dir_index() sets ->qgroup_rsv_reserved = 0. Then later on when we call btrfs_subvolume_release_metadata() which has btrfs_block_rsv_release(fs_info, rsv, (u64)-1, &qgroup_to_release); btrfs_qgroup_convert_reserved_meta(root, qgroup_to_release); qgroup_to_release is set to 0, and we do not convert the reserved metadata space. The problem here is that the block rsv code has been unconditionally messing with ->qgroup_rsv_reserved, because the main place this is used is delalloc, and any time we call btrfs_block_rsv_release() we do it with qgroup_to_release set, and thus do the proper accounting. The subvolume code is the only other code that uses the qgroup reservation stuff, but it's intermingled with the above optimization, and thus was getting its reservation freed out from underneath it and thus leaking the reserved space. The solution is to simply not mess with the qgroup reservations if we don't have qgroup_to_release set. This works with the existing code as anything that messes with the delalloc reservations always have qgroup_to_release set. This fixes the leak that Boris was observing.
CVE-2023-53788 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: ALSA: hda/ca0132: fixup buffer overrun at tuning_ctl_set() tuning_ctl_set() might have buffer overrun at (X) if it didn't break from loop by matching (A). static int tuning_ctl_set(...) { for (i = 0; i < TUNING_CTLS_COUNT; i++) (A) if (nid == ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].nid) break; snd_hda_power_up(...); (X) dspio_set_param(..., ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].mid, ...); snd_hda_power_down(...); ^ return 1; } We will get below error by cppcheck sound/pci/hda/patch_ca0132.c:4229:2: note: After for loop, i has value 12 for (i = 0; i < TUNING_CTLS_COUNT; i++) ^ sound/pci/hda/patch_ca0132.c:4234:43: note: Array index out of bounds dspio_set_param(codec, ca0132_tuning_ctls[i].mid, 0x20, ^ This patch cares non match case.
CVE-2023-53783 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 7.0 High
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: blk-iocost: fix divide by 0 error in calc_lcoefs() echo max of u64 to cost.model can cause divide by 0 error. # echo 8:0 rbps=18446744073709551615 > /sys/fs/cgroup/io.cost.model divide error: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP RIP: 0010:calc_lcoefs+0x4c/0xc0 Call Trace: <TASK> ioc_refresh_params+0x2b3/0x4f0 ioc_cost_model_write+0x3cb/0x4c0 ? _copy_from_iter+0x6d/0x6c0 ? kernfs_fop_write_iter+0xfc/0x270 cgroup_file_write+0xa0/0x200 kernfs_fop_write_iter+0x17d/0x270 vfs_write+0x414/0x620 ksys_write+0x73/0x160 __x64_sys_write+0x1e/0x30 do_syscall_64+0x35/0x80 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd calc_lcoefs() uses the input value of cost.model in DIV_ROUND_UP_ULL, overflow would happen if bps plus IOC_PAGE_SIZE is greater than ULLONG_MAX, it can cause divide by 0 error. Fix the problem by setting basecost
CVE-2025-68187 1 Linux 1 Linux Kernel 2026-04-15 N/A
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net: mdio: Check regmap pointer returned by device_node_to_regmap() The call to device_node_to_regmap() in airoha_mdio_probe() can return an ERR_PTR() if regmap initialization fails. Currently, the driver stores the pointer without validation, which could lead to a crash if it is later dereferenced. Add an IS_ERR() check and return the corresponding error code to make the probe path more robust.